TB and Infertility

How TB Affects Female Fertility? Causes, Symptoms & Treatment

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Tuberculosis (TB) is often associated with lung infections, but did you know that it can also affect reproductive health? While TB is a curable disease, if left untreated, it can lead to severe complications, including infertility in women. Let’s hear from the experts about how TB can impact fertility and what can be done to prevent and treat it.

How Does TB Affect Female Fertility?

TB can affect fertility when it spreads beyond the lungs and infects the reproductive organs, a condition known as genital tuberculosis (GTB). This form of TB can cause significant damage to the fallopian tubes, uterus, and ovaries, leading to:

  • Blocked fallopian tubes – Preventing the sperm from meeting the egg, leading to tubal factor infertility.
  • Damaged uterine lining (endometrial TB) – Causing thinning of the endometrium, which makes implantation of the fertilized egg difficult.
  • Ovarian dysfunction – Affecting egg production and ovulation, leading to irregular cycles and difficulty conceiving.
  • Pelvic adhesions and scarring – Leading to chronic pain, ectopic pregnancies, and reduced chances of conception.
  • Altered immune response – TB can trigger immune reactions that further impact reproductive health by attacking reproductive tissues.

Symptoms of Genital TB

Genital tuberculosis often presents with subtle or no symptoms, making it difficult to diagnose. However, some common signs include:

  • Irregular or absent menstrual cycles – Due to hormonal imbalances or endometrial damage.
  • Chronic pelvic pain – Persistent pain in the lower abdomen or pelvic area.
  • Unexplained infertility – Difficulty in conceiving despite trying for over a year.
  • Pain during intercourse (dyspareunia) – Due to pelvic inflammation or adhesions.
  • Abnormal vaginal discharge – Foul-smelling, pus-like, or blood-streaked discharge.
  • General symptoms of TB – Such as unexplained weight loss, low-grade fever, night sweats, and fatigue.

How is Genital TB Diagnosed?

Since genital TB often has no specific symptoms, doctors use several diagnostic methods to confirm the condition:

  1. Endometrial Biopsy – A sample of uterine lining is tested for TB bacteria.
  2. Hysterosalpingography (HSG) – An X-ray test to check for blockages in the fallopian tubes.
  3. Pelvic Ultrasound – Helps detect abnormalities like hydrosalpinx (fluid-filled fallopian tubes).
  4. PCR Test (Polymerase Chain Reaction) – Identifies TB bacteria in reproductive tissues.
  5. Laparoscopy and Hysteroscopy – A minimally invasive surgical procedure to examine and confirm TB infection in the reproductive organs.

Can TB-Related Infertility Be Treated?

The good news is that if detected early, genital TB can be treated effectively with a long course of anti-TB medication. However, the damage it causes to reproductive organs may not always be reversible. Treatment usually involves:

  • A 6- to 9-month anti-TB drug regimen – Using a combination of antibiotics such as Isoniazid, Rifampicin, Ethambutol, and Pyrazinamide.
  • Hormonal therapy – In some cases, to restore menstrual cycles and ovarian function.
  • Surgical intervention – If fallopian tubes are severely damaged, surgery may be needed to remove blockages.
  • Assisted reproductive techniques (ART) – Such as IVF (in vitro fertilization) if natural conception is not possible.

Doctor’s Advice: Prevention and Early Detection

According to experts, early diagnosis and treatment of TB are crucial in preventing complications like infertility. Here’s what doctors recommend:

  • Seek medical help for prolonged unexplained infertility. If you have difficulty conceiving, consult a gynecologist or fertility specialist.
  • Get screened for TB if you have symptoms or a history of TB exposure. A simple blood test, sputum test, or imaging can help detect the infection.
  • Complete the full TB treatment regimen. Stopping medication early can lead to drug-resistant TB and worsen complications.
  • Maintain a healthy lifestyle and strong immunity. Proper nutrition, hygiene, and vaccination can help prevent TB infections.
  • Avoid close contact with TB patients. If you are at high risk, take precautions such as wearing masks and ensuring proper ventilation.

Final Thoughts

While TB can lead to infertility in women, early detection and timely treatment can help prevent long-term reproductive issues. If you or someone you know is struggling with infertility and has a history of TB, consulting a specialist can provide clarity and guidance on the next steps.

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